Hyperthemia

fever°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.(fever´Â inflammationÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù.)

hyperthemia´Â central thermoregulationÀÇ dysfunctionÀÌ´Ù.

 

 

Malignant neuroleptic syndrome

Antipsychotic ¾àÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÊ(dopamine ÀÇ blockÀ¸·Î À¯¹ß)

  typical  high potency :  halloperidol , Fluphenazine

           low potency : CPZ(chlorpromazine)

           Atypical agent : clozapine, risperidone

           Antiemetics : metoclopromide , promethazine

neuroleptic.jpg

 

Pathogenesis : Àß ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¸î°¡Áö °¡¼³ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀüÇüÀû Áõ»ó : mental change (ÁÖ·Î agitated delirium, confusion), stupur, coma·Î ÁøÇà

             extreme muscular rigidity(lead pipeÇüÅ , tremor°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹ß»ý½Ã, cog wheel movementÇüŰ¡ µÊ)

             hyperthemia

             autonomic instablity

 

1.(°¡Àå À¯·ÂÇÑ °¡¼³) Thalamus ÀÇ dopamine receptor blockade·Î ÀÎÇÑ thermoregulationÀÇ Àå¾Ö·Î ÀÎÇØ hyperthemia ¹ß»ý, dysautonomia ¹ß»ý(tachycardia, High BP , tachypnea, dysrhythmia, ´Ù·®ÀÇ ¹ßÇÑ)

 

2. nigrostriatal pathywayÀÇ dopamine blockade·Î ÀÎÇÑ parkinsonian symptom ¹ß»ý

 -> rigidity, tremor

 

3. peripheral muscle¿¡ direct toxicity·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿©  muscleÀÇ mitochondrial dysfuction

 

4. sympathetic systemÀÇ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ muscle toneÀÇ Áõ°¡, HR»ó½Â, metabolism Áõ°¡, vasomotor sudomotor activity¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿© ¿­¹ß»êÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÔ.

dopamine antagonist¸¦ ¾²¸é, dopamine ÀÇ efferent sympathetic regulationÀÇ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ÀÏÀÌŲ´Ù.

 

Ä¡·á : single most important treatment ¿øÀÎ ¾àÁ¦ ²÷±â

      lithium, anticholinergic therapy, serotonergic agents ÀÌ·±°Íµéµµ ¸Ô°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é ²÷±â

      ICU ÀÔ¿ø

      DVT ¿¹¹æÀ§ÇØ heparin ¾²±â

      Agitation ÀÌ ÀÖÀ»¶§´Â benzodiazepine(lorazepam, clonazepam)¾µ°Í

      ±×¿Ü supportive care

 

ÀÔÁõµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Ä¡·á·Î Dantrolene, bromocriptine, Amantadine(domaminergic, anticholinergic effect), levodopaµîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

Prognosis

 ´ëºÎºÐ 2ÁÖ À̳»¿¡ ȸº¹µÈ´Ù.

 mortality rate 10~20%

 myoglobinuria, renal failure ¹ß»ý½Ã mortality³ô´Ù.

 alcoholics , drug abuseÀ϶§ mortality³ô´Ù.

 high potency agentÀ϶§ mortality³ô´Ù.

 

NeurolepticsÀÇ Àç½ÃÀÛ

 Àç¹ßÀÇ ¿©ºÎ´Â ¾Ë¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ȯÀÚ¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£´Ù.

 Àç¹ßÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ ÇÏ´Â guideline(¼º°øÀ» guaranteeÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù)

 1. ÃÖ¼Ò 2ÁÖ ±â´Ù·Á¶ó. µÉ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¿À·¡

 2. lower potency drug ¾²°í, low dose·Î ½ÃÀÛ ÃµÃµÈ÷ titrateÇØ¶ó

 3. lithium µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¾²Áö¸¶¶ó

 4. Å»¼ö¸¦ ÇÇÇ϶ó

 5. NMS Áõ»ó ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇ϶ó.

 

 

Serotonine syndrome

serotonineÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë

 central : attention, behavior , thermoregulation

 peripheral : GI motility Áõ°¡,  vasoconstriction, uterine contraction , bronchoconstriction

 GI tractÀÇ enterocromaffin cell¿¡¼­ ºÐºñµÇ¾î irritant substance¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© serotoninºÐºñ Çϸé diarrhea ¹ß»ý , blood ÀÇ serotoninÀÇ levelÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¡¸é CNSÀÇ chemoreceptor trigger zone¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© vomitingÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. enterocromaffin cellÀº chemotherapy¿¡µµ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ´Ù.

 

Áõ»ó(SSRI·Î ÀÎÇÑ serotonineÀÇ Áõ°¡·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇÔ)

Mental change (anxiety, agitated delirium, restlessness, and disorientation)

Autonomic manifestations ( diaphoresis, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hypertension, vomiting, and diarrhea)

Neuromuscular hyperactivity can manifest as tremor, muscle rigidity, myoclonus(pronounced in the lower extremities), hyperreflexia, and bilateral Babinski sign

 

Áø´Ü±âÁØ : SSRI¸¦ ¸Ô°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ Çϱâ Áõ»óÁß Çϳª¸¦ °¡Áú¶§(hunter criteria)

1. spontaneous clonus

2. Inducible clonus plus agitation or diaphoresis

3. Ocular clonus plus agitation or diaphoresis

4. tremor and hyperreflexia

5. hypertonia

6. temp 38µµ Ãʰú plus clonus or inducible clonus

 

Ä¡·á

1. ¾àÁ¦ ²÷±â

º¸Åë ¾àÁ¦ Áß´ÜÇϷ縸¿¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÁöÁö¸¸, half-life°¡ ±ä¾à¹°ÀÏ °æ¿ì ÃÖ´ë 2ÁÖ±îÁö Áö¼ÓµÈ´Ù.

Ex. fluoxetine : half life : 1ÁÖÀÏ , metabolite 2.5ÁÖÀÏ

MAOI¸¦ ¾µ°æ¿ì ¸îÁÖÁ¤µµ Áö¼ÓµÉ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

2. Agitation ÀÇ management : benzodiazepine À¸·Î agitation ¹× mild HR»ó½Â ¹×, mild BP »ó½ÂÀ» controlÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.(physical restraint´Â ȯÀÚ°¡ isometric muscle contractionÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¹Ç·Î hyperthemia ¹× lactic acidosis¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù.)

Severe hypertension , tachycardia : esmolol, nitroprusside

MAOI¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À¯¹ßµÈ hypotensionÀº phenylephrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine ¸¦ ¾²ÀÚ, dopamine(indirect·Î epi¿Í norepi·Î º¯È¯µÇ¾î ÀÛ¿ë)Àº ¾²Áö ¸¶¶ó..

 

benzodiazepine°ú supportive care·Î agitation°ú autonomic Áõ»óÀÌ ÇØ°áÀÌ ¾ÈµÉ¶§ Cyproheptadine(histamine H1 antagonist, nonspecific 5-HT1A(SEROTONINE) and 5-HT2A antagonistic properties) 12 mg is recommended, followed by 2 mg every two hours until clinical response is seen

 

3. hyperthrmia ÀÇ management

  Fever °¡ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î acetaminophenÀº È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¾²¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

  IV crystaloid ÁÖÀÔ

  °í¿­ÀÌ ¹ß»ý½Ã 41µµ ÀÌ»ó½Ã ÀÀ±Þ»óȲ´ëºñ (ÀÚ¹ßÈ£Èí °¨¼Ò½Ã intubation) , rectal tempÃøÁ¤

  38~39µµ·Î ¶³¾îÁö¸é, cooling stop(iatrogenic hypothrmia ¹ß»ý ¾ïÁ¦À§ÇØ)

  ½ºÇÁ·¹ÀÌ·Î ¹°À» »Ñ¸®°í, ¹Ù¶÷À» ºÒ¾îÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀÓ

  shiveringÀÌ ¹ß»ý½Ã benzodiazepineÀ» ÁÖÀÔ(diazepam, lorazepam)Çϸé, shivering¾ïÁ¦ ¹× ¾àÁ¦ÀÚüÀÇ ¾àÇÑ Ã¼¿ÂÀ» ¶³¾î¶ß¸®´Â È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ½

  ICE water ÀÔ¼ö¹æ¹ý, ICE packÀ» °Üµå¶ûÀÌ, ¸ñ, »çŸ±¸´Ï(Å«Ç÷°üµéÀÌ Áö³ª°¡´Â ±æ)¿¡ ´ë´Â ¹æ¹ýµîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

  ±×¿Ü cooled air, cooled blanket, cold IV fluid(¼·¾¾ 22µµ)ÁÖÀÔ µîÀÇ ¹æ¹ýµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

°í¿­ÀÇ ÇÕº´Áõ

¡¤  Respiratory dysfunction

¡¤  Seizures

¡¤  Vomiting and diarrhea

¡¤  Rhabdomyolysis

¡¤  Acute kidney injury

¡¤  Hepatic injury

¡¤  Disseminated intravascular coagulation

 

 

¿©±â±îÁö uptodate 19.3